Process plants designed and constructed to the ASME B31.3 code also rely on the standardization of the components used for piping systems and the method of process plant fabrication and construction. There are numerous standards, many of which are interrelated, and they must be referred and adhered

The Weld Neck Flange is easily recognizable by the hub that gradually tapers from the bolted connection to the pipe. At the Point of Weld on the Weld Neck it is supplied with a specific bore to mate with the attaching pipe or fitting. This connection is made with a full penetration butt weld, this p

All in-service pipelines encounter deterioration due to environmental effects. The deterioration is a time-dependent process which makes the structural integrity of pipelines a time variant characteristic. Advanced mathematical methods which employ probability theory need to be used for time-depende

Threaded flanges, also sometimes referred to as companion flanges / screw flanges / NPT flanges, contain a female NPT thread in the center for connection to male NPT threaded piping. Threaded flanges are common when creating reducing connections. Other thread styles are available for machining, asid

Methods of Manufacture.The pipe is manufactured by one of the following processes:Seamless (SMLS) pipe is made by a process that does not involve welding at any stage of production.Welded (WLD) pipe is made using an automatic welding process with no addition of filler during the welding process.Heav

Instrument TubingTubing is normally small-diameter seamless pipes made of high-strength material like carbon steel, copper, stainless steel, titanium, Hastelloy, Monel, etc. They have higher flexibility compared to piping, therefore require less fitting. They can be bent to form angles and fit in th