IPE (I-beam) is a commonly used steel material with a cross-section resembling the letter "I." It is primarily used in construction and engineering structures. Here’s a quick overview to help you understand IPE: 1. Structural CharacteristicsThe cross-section of IPE looks like the letter "I,"

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PIPELINE MAINTENANCE

SMLS pipe is produced by heating a round billet of steel and then piercing it with a bullet-shaped piercer, over which the steel is stretched. This is followed by rolling and drawing to produce the desired dimensions. The final product is hydrostatically tested, inspected, coated if required, and st

All in-service pipelines encounter deterioration due to environmental effects. The deterioration is a time-dependent process which makes the structural integrity of pipelines a time variant characteristic. Advanced mathematical methods which employ probability theory need to be used for time-depende